Curriculum evaluation must be systematic, purposeful, and
guided by a sound framework. To address different purposes of evaluation,
educators and curriculum experts have developed various evaluation models
that provide structured approaches to assess curriculum quality and
effectiveness.
🔶 List of Major Curriculum Evaluation Models:
1. Tyler’s
Objective-Centered Model
2. Stake’s
Countenance (Congruence–Contingency) Model
3. Stufflebeam’s
CIPP Model
4. Scriven’s
Goal-Free Model
5. Hilda
Taba’s Grassroots Model
Here, we will discuss the following two models in
detail:
👉 Tyler’s Model
👉 Stake’s Countenance
Model
🔷 1. TYLER’S OBJECTIVE-CENTERED EVALUATION MODEL
📌 Proposed
by: Ralph Tyler (1949)
📗 Source:
"Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction"
🎯 Focus:
Tyler’s model emphasizes evaluating how far students have
achieved the predetermined instructional objectives. The evaluation is
objective-based and aims at improving teaching-learning outcomes.
🔁 Nature:
A linear model—follows a clear sequence:
📌 Objectives → Content →
Organization → Evaluation
📋 Key
Steps in Tyler’s Model:
1. Formulation
of Objectives
🔹 Define clear, specific,
and measurable learning objectives
🔹 Objectives should specify
both content and expected behavior of students
2. Identifying
Learning Situations
🔹 Identify situations or
experiences where students can demonstrate the expected behavior
🔹 Select suitable
teaching-learning activities that evoke desired responses
3. Selecting/Constructing
Evaluation Tools
🔹 Design valid, reliable,
and objective measurement tools
🔹 Tools must align with
learning objectives
4. Administering
Evaluation
🔹 Use tools to collect data
about student achievement
🔹 Collect both pre-test and
post-test data
5. Comparing
Results
🔹 Compare performance
before and after instruction
🔹 Determine the amount of
change/improvement
6. Analyzing
Results
🔹 Identify strengths and
weaknesses of curriculum
🔹 Find possible
explanations for these patterns
7. Modifying
Curriculum
🔹 Make appropriate changes
to the curriculum based on evaluation results
🔹 Revise instructional
methods and content as needed
✅ Advantages:
- ✔️ Simple, rational,
and easy to apply
- ✔️ Focuses on learning
outcomes and objective clarity
- ✔️ Encourages continuous
improvement
- ✔️ Helps to identify
curriculum strengths and weaknesses
❌ Limitations:
- ❌ Overemphasizes predetermined
objectives
- ❌ Ignores the instructional
process and learner experience
- ❌ No emphasis on formative
assessment
- ❌ Lacks provision for
evaluating the objectives themselves
🔷 2. STAKE’S COUNTENANCE (CONGRUENCE–CONTINGENCY) MODEL
📌 Proposed
by: Robert Stake
🧭 Key Focus: Comprehensive
evaluation using both description and judgment
📌 Purpose
of the Model:
- To
describe and judge curriculum from multiple perspectives
- To
analyze congruence between intended and actual outcomes
- To
include views of different stakeholders (teachers, learners,
parents, evaluators)
🔁 Structure
of the Model:
Stake divides evaluation into two phases and three
components:
✅ Phases
of Evaluation:
1. Descriptive
Phase – What was planned and what actually happened?
2. Judgmental
Phase – Are the outcomes congruent with what was intended?
✅
Components of Evaluation:
|
Component |
Description |
Example |
|
Antecedents |
The objectives, context, and resources available before
implementation |
Curriculum goals, learner background, teaching resources |
|
Transactions |
Actual learning experiences and interactions between teacher
and students |
Teaching methods, class participation |
|
Outcomes |
The results of the instructional process |
Learning achievements, behavioral changes |
📋 Steps in
Stake's Model:
1. Identify
Intentions (Antecedents)
🔹 Define learning
objectives clearly
🔹 Specify what outcomes are
expected
2. Define
Standards or Criteria
🔹 Establish benchmarks for
judging success
3. Observe
and Record Actual Events (Transactions)
🔹 Collect data on what
really happened during instruction
4. Observe
Outcomes
🔹 Assess what students
actually achieved
5. Compare
Intended vs. Observed
🔹 Analyze congruence
between expectations and actual results
6. Judgment
Based on Criteria
🔹 Make a value judgment
based on standards and collected data
✅ Advantages:
- ✔️ Evaluates both process
and product
- ✔️ Considers multiple
viewpoints—more democratic
- ✔️ Encourages both qualitative
and quantitative data collection
- ✔️ Flexible and
adaptable to different contexts
❌ Limitations:
- ❌ Complex and
resource-intensive
- ❌ May involve subjective
judgment
- ❌ Requires skilled
evaluators for meaningful implementation
📝 Summary Comparison of Both Models
|
Feature |
Tyler’s Model |
Stake’s Countenance Model |
|
📌 Focus |
Achievement of objectives |
Description + Judgment |
|
🔁 Nature |
Linear |
Flexible |
|
📚 Data
Used |
Quantitative |
Both Qualitative & Quantitative |
|
👥
Stakeholder Involvement |
Limited (mainly teachers, experts) |
Broad (teachers, learners, parents) |
|
🔍
Evaluation Type |
Mainly Summative |
Both Formative and Summative |
|
📉
Limitation |
Ignores instructional process |
Complex and subjective |
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